Morphological and functional interrelationships of articular cartilage matrices. Download pdf full article content list structure and composition of articular cartilage. The morphology of the calcification front in articular cartilage. Thus, knowledge of the native cartilage morphology of the elbow joint is. The function of articular cartilage is dependent on the molecular composition of the extracellular matrix ecm, which consists mainly of proteoglycans and collagen. Form and function of articular cartilage orthopaedicsone. Structure function relationship in articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is devoid of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and is subject to a harsh biomechanical environment. Human articular cartilage consists of a hydrated extracellular matrix in which a comparatively small number of chondrocytes is embedded cartilage is surrounded by a fibrous membrane known as the perichondrium. The unique structure of articular cartilage provides the intrinsic functional properties that enable the knee joint to withstand and resist excessive compressive and biomechanical loads, facilitating. Healthy articular cartilage allows joints to move and glide over each other with very little friction, but is subject to damage and injury, as well as normal wear and tear.
The joint range of movement depends on the specific type of diarthroidal joint. Full details and instructions for submission can be found here pdf. The functions of bmp3 in rabbit articular cartilage repair article pdf available in international journal of molecular sciences 1611. Articular cartilage injury can occur after meniscal repair with biodegradable implants. Articular cartilage damage most commonly occurs in the knee, but the elbow, wrist, ankle, shoulder, and. Elastic cartilage helps to maintain the shape of structures such as the ear and the trachea. Growth plate cartilage is unlike hyaline or articular cartilage because of its unique blood supply, zonal structure, biochemistry, and process of matrix mineralization. Request pdf structure and function of articular cartilage cartilage is an aneural, avascular, alymphatic connective tissue. It is specifically organized to allow for the complex movements performed by synovial joints. Articular cartilage an overview sciencedirect topics. Before the surgery it is critical to get to know how much of damage has occurred to the articular cartilage to decide the type of the surgery. Jul 12, 2016 articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue, exhibiting unique biomechanical properties. Donors are sourced through appropriate organ and tissue procurement organizations otpos hayes, 2018.
The special issue will be guest edited by ewa roos, mayarna risberg and christopher little. The articular cartilage function is dependent on the molecular composition of the extracellular matrix ecm. Regional distribution of articular cartilage thickness in th. Articular cartilage is vital for maintaining the joint motion, but, when damaged, it is significantly involved in. Articular cartilage is a thin layer that covers joint surfaces. Cartilage cells 10% wet weight of articular cartilage specialized, metabolically active cells develop articular cartilage and maintain ecm produce aggrecans, link proteins, hyaluronan cells sparsely distributed throughout articular cartilage. However, when damaged, articular cartilage has a very limited capacity to repair itself. Proteoglycans aggrecans that form strong, permeable fiber and attracts lots of water. Pdf articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. As a person ages, this cartilage can wear away, leading to joint pain and swelling that is sometimes only. Articular cartilage injury of the knee is a comprehensive reference that combines the basic scientific knowledge of articular cartilage as it relates to patient health and disease with patientfocused diagnosis and treatment options. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation.
Human articular cartilage consists of a hydrated extracellular matrix in which a comparatively small number of chondrocytes is embedded articular cartilage has no perichondrium and thus its regeneration after injury is inadequate because the perichondrium plays a major role in regeneration of the cartilage. Apr 22, 2020 articular cartilage is specifically the smooth, white tissue covering the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. Osteoarthritis and cartilage would like to invite contributions to a special issue on oa prevention. There are two bones in the lower leg, the tibia shinbone and the fibula, which is a smaller bone on the back outer side of the lower leg. This book emphasizes the importance of bridging the divide between basic science and clinical applications in order to select the best. In a young and normal joint, the articular cartilage is called hyaline articular cartilage, a dense, translucent, and white connective tissue. Articular cartilage is smooth, white cartilage on bones in joints such as the knee, which enables the bones to move smoothly together and the joint to move easily. Material properties of articular cartilage biphasic nature of articular cartilage. Articular cartilage injuries can occur as a result of either traumatic or progressive degeneration wear and tear. It also lubricates that area and makes sure there is low friction. Depending on the extent of the damage and the location of the injury, it is sometimes possible for the articular cartilage cells to. The unique and complex structure of articular cartilage makes treatment and repair or restoration of the defects challenging for the patient, the surgeon, and the physical therapist. The functions of bmp3 in rabbit articular cartilage repair. Unfortunately, current clinical interventions are not optimal to restore the native characteristics of this tissue.
Articular cartilage lesions damaged articular cartilage typically fails to heal on its own and can be associated with pain, loss of function, and disability and may lead to debilitating osteoarthritis over time. As bmp24 show a clearly positive effect for cartilage repair, we investigated the functions of bmp3 in rabbit. The articular cartilage has no perichondrium and thus its regeneration after injury is inadequate because the perichondrium plays a major role in regeneration of the cartilage. Cartilage explants more closely reproduce the mechanical properties and surface topography of articular cartilage, but the precise molecular structure of their outer boundary layers is di. It provides the joint with essential biomechanical functions, such. To understand cartilage degradation, one must understand the structure function relationships of this tissue. Thus, matrix also plays a role in recording a loading history of the articular cartilage. A major function is to take up and distribute load such that a given point of the underlying bone can. Bone morphogenetic proteins bmps play important roles in skeletal development and repair. Cartilage is the only tissue that never stops growing.
There are two bones in the lower leg, the tibia shinbone and the fibula, which is a smaller bone. This animation shows the role of articular cartilage in the knee joint. Articular cartilage definition and function biology. Injury and repair of the musculoskeletal soft tissues. Anthony poole department of anatomy, faculty of medicine and health science, university of auckland, auckland, new zealand accepted 4 february 1997abstract the chondrocyte and its pericellular microenvironment together. Cartilage is a nonvascular type of supporting connective tissue that is found throughout the body. The main proteoglycan in cartilage is aggrecan, which, as its name suggests, forms large aggregates with hyaluronan. With mechanical destruction, a direct blow or other trauma can injure the articular cartilage. Biomechanics of articular cartilage and determination of.
Depending on its composition, cartilage is classified as articular cartilage also known as hyaline, fibrocartilage, or elastic cartilage. What are the main functions of the cartilage tissue. Cartilage holds some bones together, for instance, rib cartilage. Articular cartilage locations are found throughout the body. The preservation of articular cartilage is highly dependent on. Cartilage caps bones of synovial joints, such as the knee joint, to make movement of the body easier by minimizing friction and help with shock. Articular cartilage download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi.
Read the following article which provides information on cartilage function and types. Biomechanics, structure, function and molecular biology of cartilage matrix macromolecules. Proliferating cartilage of different configurations is located in the skull sutures and the base, the spine end plates and synchondroses, the pelvis triradiate cartilages. Articular cartilage medical definition merriamwebster.
Immunolocalization of type vi collagen in the pericellular capsule of isolated canine tibial chondrons. In joints, cartilage functions as either a binder or a bearing surface between bones. Articular cartilage is a complex, living tissue that lines the bony surface of joints. Articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. In young children, the ends of the long bones of arms and legs are made up of cartilage which gradually change into bones and grow longer. As mentioned previously, the main proteoglycan in cartilage is aggrecan, which forms large aggregates with hyaluronan and are negatively charged to hold water in the tissue. Articular cartilage is a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastic properties. What is the function of articular cartilage answers. The state of the literature in the nonoperative management of meniscus and articular cartilage lesions is rapidly evolving and will be explored and presented in the next iteration of this cpg. Articular cartilage is a specialized tissue that can offer shock and impact absorption, which serves to further protect bone tissue 1, 2. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs from bone in several ways. Structure function relationships in enzymatically modified articular cartilage.
Previous contact pressure analyses of the knee have been based on the tibial side of the meniscus at limited. With its specialized structure, articular cartilage has the benefit of excellent loadbearing characteristics, as well as friction, lubrication, and wear. Conservative treatment for articular cartilage injury is very well suitable to majority of patients. A normal knee joint consists of the thighbone femur, the shinbone tibia, the kneecap patella, tendons, ligaments and cartilage. This huge macromolecule is locked within the articular cartilage fibrillar matrix by its large size and volume. Bonassar,3 and itai cohen1 1physics department, 2department of chemistry and chemical biology, and 3biomedical engineering, mechanical and aerospace engineering, cornell. If a cartilage gets injured or damaged, the healing can be very slow and is difficult to repair. Articular cartilage is specifically the smooth, white tissue covering the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. It may be found in the intra articular lips, disks, menisci, and intervertebral discs, and it serves as a transitional tissue between dense connective tissue tendon and hyaline cartilage. Hydrogels for the application of articular cartilage tissue. Articular cartilage structurearticular cartilage structure collagen dense at surface, parallel to surface fine fibers at surface larger belowfine fibers at surface, larger below middle zone random calcified cartilagecalcified cartilage perpendicular, thick fibers at calcified cartilage 2314 from. Structure, composition, and function article pdf available in sports health a multidisciplinary approach 16.
Articular cartilage is a thin layer of connective tissue that consists of structural macromolecules including collagens, proteoglycans, noncollagenous proteins, and glycoproteins without any blood vessels, or nerves 8385. Articular cartilage is an extraordinary tissue with unique physiological and mechanical characteristics. Biphasic theory, triphasic theory, fixed charge density, indentation, correspondence principle a rticular cartilage is a layer of lowfriction, loadbearing soft tissue that overlies the articulating bony ends in diarthrodial joints. Cartilage is a stiff but flexible connective tissue found in many parts of human and animal bodies. Structure and function of cartilage biology musculoskeletal key. The prevalent risk factors include age, gender, previous joint injuries, obesity, genetic predisposition, and mechanical factors 4. Covers articulating surfaces of long and sesmoid bones within synovial joints. In the normal adult synovial articular joint, articular cartilage ac as an avascular tissue, is attached to the calcified cartilage cc. Articular cartilage questions and study guide quizlet. Pdf structurefunction relationships in enzymatically. Other articles where articular cartilage is discussed. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient figure 1. It was not easy to diagnose articular cartilage injury earlier, but now with the modern technology and smart tools and machineries it.
Articular cartilage cartilage that covers the articulating part of a bone is of the type called hyaline glasslike because thin sections of it are translucent, even transparent. A further function of articular cartilage is the ability for that part of the anatomy to move on one or more planes. Structurefunction relations and rigidity percolation in. Articular cartilage has key roles in the function of joints. This perichondrium is similar to the periosteum in structure and function. Structure and function of articular cartilage springerlink. Its function is to provide a low friction surface enabling the joint to withstand.
No manmade material can match the ultralow sliding friction, which is a consequence of the lubrication, that cartilage provides at the high pressures. Relationships between structure, composition and function of. Glassy, smooth, glistening, bluish white appearance. Click download or read online button to articular cartilage book pdf for free now. For instance, cartilage is present in the joints between bones, rib cage, ear, nose, bronchial tubes, intervertebral discs, elbow, knee and ankle.
Jul 19, 2017 cartilage has many important functions in the body. Apr 17, 2017 cartilage protects bones from rubbing against each other at joints and also supports the shape of peoples ears and noses and other bodily structures. Know the function and types of cartilage, its location and what happens if cartilage wears away or gets damaged. Indeed, the articular cartilage layers that coat the ends of the bones and slide past each other as we flex our joints are the most efficiently lubricated surfaces in nature. When hyaline cartilage is on the articular surfaces of bones the surfaces at joints, it is called articular cartilage. Previously, we found fibroblast growth factor 2 fgf2 induced upregulation of bmp2, 3, 4 in the process of rabbit articular cartilage repair, which resulted in satisfactory repair effects.
Injury to articular cartilage is recognized as a cause of significant musculoskeletal morbidity. The functions of the articular cartilage that covers joint surfaces include absorbing mechanical shock and transmitting the load to the underlying subchondral bone 15. Articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue at the ends of articulating bones. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated. Articular cartilage lies at the end of bones at the joint. It is very smooth its coefficient of friction is less than onethird of ice on ice highly compressible and resilient. Download pdf articularcartilage free online new books. Articular cartilage function is based upon its composition of hyaline cartilage, which is practically frictionless due to the glasslike surface and ability to selflubricate via lubricating glycoproteins within the extracellular matrix. Form and function of articular cartilage articular cartilage lies at the end of bones at the joint. Calcified cartilage is a thin tissue layer, separated from ac by tidemark tm, and subchondral. Following an intra articular fracture, in addition to mechanical disruption and cartilage necrosis, the following inflammatory cytokines are.
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue, which is flexible in nature and does not have any blood or nerve supply. Hunziker, eb articular cartilage and knee joint function. Columns of isogenous groups during ossification regeneration by appositional growth from perichondrium. It helps in the formation of bones in growing children. The ecm consists mainly of proteoglycan and collagens. Pdf the functions of bmp3 in rabbit articular cartilage repair. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation and to facilitate the transmission of. Structure and function of articular cartilage request pdf. The pump for the articular cartilage system is chiefly aggrecan, a proteoglycan molecule that becomes linked to hyaluronan to form a huge molecule designated as a proteoglycan aggregate. Article structure function relations and rigidity percolation in the shear properties of articular cartilage jesse l. Jul 22, 2019 to understand cartilage degradation, one must understand the structurefunction relationships of this tissue. Cartilage is not innervated and therefore relies on diffusion to obtain nutrients. Though the different articular cartilage procedures differ in the used technologies and surgical techniques, they all share the aim to repair articular cartilage whilst keeping options open for alternative treatments in the future.
When articulation is smooth, less stress is exercised on the cartilage surface and the tissue is more resistant to wear, in the same way oil added to a. Articular cartilage functions as a shock absorber and also reduces friction between bones where they meet at joints. The influence of mechanical stimuli on articular cartilage. The main function of the articular cartilage is to provide a smooth surface where the bones connect and touch. Download articular cartilage ebook pdf or read online books in pdf, epub, and mobi format. These aggregates are negatively charged and hold water in the tissue. Articular contact pressures of meniscal repair techniques. Cartilage typescartilage types distinggyp,uished by composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties hyaline cartilage glassysmooth and bluishwhite e. Zone 3deep zone of cartilage where fibers are vertically oriented describe the 3 zones between articular cartilage and bone. Articular cartilage tissue engineering has been a rapidly growing area of research for bioengineers over the past one and half decades. These manifestations can severely impair a patients activities of daily living and adversely affect quality of life. Articular cartilage covers the articulating ends of. While, any joint can be affected, the joint most commonly affected is by far the knee. Articular cartilage derives its powers from its very organized and efficiently constructed microanatomy.
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